▲释义
释义(paraphrase)是指舍弃原文中的详细形象，直接诠释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具备光鲜民族色采的词语(如针言、典故)时，若是直译不克不及使译入语读者大白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，而且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采纳释义法。它既可以使译文简便了然，又不侵害对原文信息的转达。比方： as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊酣醉(在古英格兰，民间小提琴手在大众场所为跳舞伴奏，人们常常以酒酬谢，是以常常会喝得酣醉.后人用此针言时，经常重意不重形与典，是以，没必要直译为 "像小提琴手同样酩酊酣醉"，采纳释义法便可.)
as rich as Croesus 十分富有(Croesus 是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王，十分富有.如直译为 "像科里瑟斯同样富有"，倒让读者十分费解，由于读者不知 "科里瑟斯"为什么许人，而且后人用此词时，经常意重于典，以是不如释义为 "十分富有"，简略大白.)
bring down the house 全场喝采(不克不及直译为 "把屋子都弄倒了")
(1) It's not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend， not just every Tom， 淫乱， and Harry.
要加入阿谁俱乐部并不是易事──他们只吸取手头阔气的人，而不是平凡苍生。
(Tom， 淫乱， Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，至关于汉语中的"张3、李4、王五".以是，这里不宜直译为"汤姆、迪克、哈里".)
(2) A Red Light for Scofflaws
玩忽法律之风不成长!
(这是美国Time《期间》周刊1983年一篇文章的题目。red light本意是红灯，指泊车旌旗灯号、伤害旌旗灯号。文中指出美国社会中鄙弃法律的征象已到了惊心动魄的境界，必需采纳办法加以禁止。译成"玩忽法律之风不成长"一目明了，言简意明。)
(3) As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two components， one cultural， the other political.
象黑人权利同样，正在蓬勃鼓起的印地安人权利活动包含文化活动和政治活动两个部门。
(这里Red Power明显是从Black Power黑权主义，黑权活动类比出来的。若是译者不释明其义，而直译为"赤色权利"，读者定会把它理解为"赤色政权"或"共产党权利".)
(4) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.
咱们的儿子必定得上学，必定要出人头地。
("break out of the pot that holds us in"，重意不重形，译为"出人头地"比"冲破这个把咱们关在内里的罐子"意思来得大白简便。)
(5) Like many other Southerners， I came to seek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories along Euclid Avenue.
像很多其他的南边人同样，我也来到这儿，沿着尤克利德大道的那些底子不成能给咱们供给事情的工场找事情，做发家梦。
(按照英语传说，若是人们找到了彩虹与地面交壤的地方，并在那儿发掘，就会挖到一罐金子。但这只是人们的空想，是底子不成能产生的事变。以是，此处重意不重典，天然这里pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories是指那些底子不成能给南边人供给事情的工场。)
(6) The study had a Spartan look.
书房看起来很俭朴。
(古希腊斯巴达人以糊口俭朴而著称。可看出，此处重意不重典，以是只用翻译出其意。)
(7) When I go around on speaking engagements， they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.我应邀外出演讲时，他们都期望我摆出一付毫无脸色、不苟言笑的脸孔。
(Quaker-Oats是泰西一种着名的麦片牌号，牌号中画的老头样子毫无脸色，我国读者对此其实不认识。是以，此处意重于形，翻译时得采纳释义伎俩。)
(8) Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter.里根上台时在做法上跟在朝早期的卡特毫无二致。
(a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象"，就让人感触很是别扭，远不如"毫无二致"天然。)
(9) She scolded her maid and was as cross as two sticks.她骂斥本身的女仆，并且脾性很是欠好。
(如直译为"像两根棍子同样浮躁"，让人不知所云，而且此处重意不重形，翻译时只好采纳释义法。)
(10) Up Broadway he turned， and halted at a glittering café， where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes， the silkworm and the protoplasm.
他拐到百老汇路上，在一家火树银花的饭馆前停下来，那边每晚聚集上好的琼浆、富丽的衣服和有职位地方的人物。
(文中the choicest products of the grapes， the silkworm and the protoplasm如直译为"葡萄、蚕和原生质最精巧的产品"，难令读者大白其意。这里，grape(葡萄)， silkworm(蚕)， protoplasm(原生质)属于润饰学上的提喻(synecdoche)，用原质料别离指它们的制制品──酒、衣服与人。翻译时只得舍弃原文形象，直接释明其意。)
(11) Little in his childhood suggested he would someday become a bridge across Latin and Anglo cultures.
他童年期间没有表示出他会成为沟通拉丁文化与英国文化的桥梁。
(Anglo culture如直译为"盎格鲁·撒克逊文化"，则不敷普通，典范的英国人经常也被称为"盎格鲁·撒克逊人".)
(12) Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it， and the King's English， like the Anglo-French of the Normans， is a class representation of reality.
单词自己其实不是客观物体，只不外是代表客观体罢了;像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语同样，尺度英语也是一种代表客观体的说话。
(King's English不克不及直译为"国王英语"，它是指尺度英语，至关于汉语中的"平凡话".)
(13). The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.
阿谁年青的密斯站在路边不绝地向交往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指暗示她要乘车。
(thumbed her way 为英语手势语，意为 "站在路边向交往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指暗示她要乘车"，在汉语中没有这类手势语，翻译时只有采纳释义法，以便让我国读者大白其意.)
(14). At 19 he had co妹妹enced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast.
他19岁时就已走上了一条在平凡人看来是极富吸引力而又不成理解的门路，平凡人认为，只是一次停业就叫人够戗了。
(good as a feast 如直译为 "像丰厚的宴席同样好"，意思正好反了.直接释明其意 "叫人够戗"，隧道畅通.)
(15) She and her mother are as like as two peas.
她和她母亲长得一模同样.
(as like as two peas 不克不及译为 "像两颗豌豆同样类似")
(16) Look at the chaps in politics and business， whose whole lives were passed in skating on thin ice，and getting knighted for it.
试看那些政治上和贸易上的家伙们，他们全部儿的糊口都是在危害中渡过的，但是都是以封了爵.
( skating on thin ice 如直译为 "如履薄冰"，让人发生兢兢业业的遐想，与原意不符，故译其意 "在危害中渡过".)
(17) Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.
金斯利师长教师和他那些二流大学的学生们必需谨慎翼翼地连结已获得的声誉。
(Red Brick又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学之外的其他处所性二流大学。因其修建主如果红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的修建均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。
(18) Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps.
不问可知，注意务实的和夸大意识形态的两大堡垒还会在重大政策上争吵不休.
(tug of war 本意为 "拔河"，在此处为比方用法，指 "两边势均力敌，争吵不休"，直译明显不当，故采纳释义法.)
▲转换法
英译汉时经常有需要扭转表达方法，使译文畅通流利、隧道可读。这类变通技能就是转换法(shift of perspective)。转换的情势多种多样，大要可分为5种：①词类转换，②句子成份转换，③表达方法转换，④天然语序与倒装语序转换;⑤正面表达与背面表达转换。
1、词类转换
词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另外一词类。
(一)英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词
(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.是以，对付一个从事社会勾当的人来说，培育一种快乐喜爱和新的情趣方法，乃是相当首要的对策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.赤军冒着刺骨的北风勇敢进步。
(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and， when the first excitement was over， felt that they had done well， and deserved praise.大师都没有熟悉到这番履历倒是一次个性的磨练，最初的愉快曩昔今后，又感觉本身已干得不错了，理应遭到赞美。
(4) He appeared at her side， breathing audibly， a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead， rigid.她到车站纷歧会儿，他便呈现在她的身边，听见他喘气的声音。她谛视着火线，脸色严重。
(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook， of a change of atmosphere， of a diversion of effort， is essential.但是，对所有这两种类型的人来讲，变更一下见解、扭转一下情况和转换一下注重力都是最根基的必要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey， in Kenya， that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父亲归天并由她本人担当王位的动静。
(二)英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词
(1) The infla妹妹
ation is characterized by red， swelling， fever， and pain.炎症的特色是红、肿、热、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上礼拜天，来访的客人和陪伴职员一块儿观光了黄鹤楼。
(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我国当局十分关切海外华侨。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的瓜葛，有一个特色，就因此礼相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大大都特务卫星，按其设计，是在完成任务后，在大气层中焚毁。
(三)英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词
(1) He added： "I understand and respect those views， but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他还说："我理解并尊敬他们的见解，但我笃信我的决议是准确的。"
(2) They came back game and glee.他们欢欣鼓舞地回来了。
2、句子成份转换
句子成份转换是指英语中的某一句子成份译成汉语时转换成另外一种句子成份。句子成份转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间开展。比方：
(1) You can always tell the somebodies from
the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在鸡尾酒会上人们经常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。(主语转换为表语;谓语转换为主语)
(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership， his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.因为惧怕有人诡计颠覆他的带领，他彷佛彻底损失了自傲。但所谓的诡计在很大水平上是他本身设想出来的。(主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语)
(3) Cheerful， efficient and warm-hearted， they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观、能干、热忱，老是千方百计使你一起上顺遂恬静。(状语转换为谓语)
(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她尚未彻底落空镇定，一时却又找不出话可说。(主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语)
(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.恰是这类出人意表的谈吐使我喜好上了上校。他这小我另有那末点诗意呢。(主语转换为宾语;介词宾语转换为主语)
3、表达方法转换
英汉两种说话在表达方法上常常因角度分歧而异。要降服这些差别，翻译时也就常有需要把一种表达方法转换为另外一种表达方法，使译文合适汉语表达习气。
(一)英语中有一些计量词，如score， dozen， decade， quarter等，在汉语中没有响应的表达方法，以是在汉译时得对其加以转换。比方：
(1) Five score years ago， a great American， in whose symbolic shadow we stand， signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
100年之前，一名伟大的美国人签订领会放宣言，咱们如今就站在他意味性的荫庇中。
(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.
那5分钟内，有18架飞机涌进了机场。
(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.
87年前，咱们的前辈在这个大陆上建立了一个新的国度。
(4) They had a dozen children， six boys and six girls， in seventeen years.
在17年中，他们生了12个孩子，6男6女。
(二)因为英汉两种说话在表述角度上不尽不异，翻译时经常有需要转换角度，才能使意思大白清晰、表达天然。比方：
(1) She has been a widow only for six months.
她丈夫死了至今才不外半年。
(原文是从老婆的角度加以报告的，而译文是从丈夫的角度加以报告的。若是不扭转表达方法，而搬用本来的表达方法，那译文就是："她只当了6个月的孀妇。"这就会给人以错觉：她很快就再醮了。)
(2)──Is there a special rate by the month?
──Yes， there is a 10% discount.
──按月计较有甚么优惠吗?
──有，可以打9折。
4、天然语序与倒装语序转换
句子的天然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序主如果指主谓倒装。英语中利用倒装语序，主如果为了增强语气、凸起重点、均衡句子布局等;而汉语中利用倒装语序相对于较少，以是英译汉时，经常得将倒装语序转换为天然语序。比方：
(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。
(2) Slowly climbs the su妹妹er moon.炎天的玉轮渐渐地爬上来了。
5、正面表达与背面表达转换
因为思惟方法的分歧，英语中有些从正面表达的工具在汉语中习气从背面来表达;而有些从背面来表达的工具在汉语中则习气从正面来表达。是以，英译汉时经常有需要举行转换。这就是凡是所说的"正说反译、反说正译"法。英语正面表达这里指的是不带否认词no， not ， never否认前缀non-， in-， im-， ir-， dis-和否认后缀-less等的句子，汉语正面表达则是指不带"不"、"没"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "无"、 "莫"、"勿"、"别"等否认词语的句子;反之则是背面表达。
(一)英语正面表达转换为汉语背面表达
frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱
Freeze!别动!
Wet paint!油漆未干!
mortally ill 不治之症
(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.这项建议差点通不外。
(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.咱们信赖，年青一代将不会孤负咱们的信赖。
(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago， then New York， then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一个户外公用德律风亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了德律风。
(4) As a place to live， it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane， it was an excellent site， its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作为栖身的处所，这里有很多不足的地方，但作为鼎新性的新飞机机密练习基地，倒是很是抱负的。由于它地处边境，人们不容易察觉此中的勾当。
(5) The pictures that linger in his mind， called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay， are of a simpler nature.但是，缭绕心头的画面，那些一经嗅到玫瑰花香或新颖干草的气味便会倏地突入影象的情形，实在其实不繁杂。
(6) As he sipped his coffee， he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一壁喝咖啡，一壁掀开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。
(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.之前我总不懂父亲为甚么对那些脾性跟他纷歧样的人采纳那末个立场。
(8) Sadly， Edward died before he could see the new church， but his beautiful tomb is still there， with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遗憾的是，爱德华未能瞥见新教堂就归天了，可是他那幽雅的宅兆和嗣后的英国国王和王后的宅兆还都留在那边。
(二)英语背面表达转换为汉语正面表达
(1) You can't be too careful.你要出格谨慎。
(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.这些事务引发了咱们的器重。
(3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.这种飞翔早晚会被人察觉的。
(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking，damped-down coal stove， but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤气如果从封上火的煤炉漏出，人体可以忍耐一些时辰，但人昏倒以后，不消好久就会灭亡。
(5) But there is another story， a family saga， that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.可是，莱温斯基和总统之间事实产生了甚么事，此外一个故事，即家史，终极对解开这个谜十分首要。
(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective，unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities， our political strengths and economic advantages， and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.连结这类靠得住性必要如下客观的、明白的究竟来对于潜伏的敌手：咱们到达均衡的军事能力、咱们的政治气力和经济上风和咱们需要时利用这些手腕举行自卫的绝不暗昧的刻意。
