It is not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, _1_,tounderstand their negative consequences._2_ one and the others becomedistorted.
Travel on a London bus and you’ll _3_see how this works with drivers. Watchpeople get on and show their tickets. Are there carefully inspected?Never. Dopeople get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to _4_ that peoplewho have paid? Possibly but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are_5_ . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently ascyclists.
Why? Because the target is_6_. People complained that buses were late andin-frequent. _7_, the number of the buses and bus lanes were increased anddrivers were _8_or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hitthese targets. But they _9_ hit the cyclists. If the target was changed to_10_,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterionchanged to safety, you would get more _11_ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. Butboth these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another _12_: people became i妹妹ensely inventive in hittingtargets. Have you _13_ that you can leave on flight an hour late but stillarrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the timea _14_ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two hourflight.
The _15_ of the story is simple: most jobs are multidimensional, withmultiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well __16__ others.Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a
_17_. Settingtargets can be and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument forexploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria_18_critical fac-tors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. Thetrick is not only to _19_just one or even two dimensions of the objective. butalso to understand how to help people better __20__ the objective.
1 [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover
2 [A] identify [B] emphasize [C] assess [D] explain
3 [A] quickly [B] curiously [C] early [D] nearly
4 [A] claim [B] prove [C] recall [D] check
5 [A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed
6 [A] hospitality [B] punctuality [C] competition [D] innovation
7 [A] yes [B] so [C] besides [D] still
8 [A] hired [B] trained [C] grouped [D] rewarded
9 [A] also [B] only [C] rather [D]
once
10 [A] comfort [B] efficiency [C] revenue [D] security
11 [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] diligent [D] cautious
12 [A] purpose [B] prejudice [C] problem [D] policy
13 [A] noticed [B] revealed [C] reported [D] admitted
14 [A] break [B] departure [C] trip [D] transfer
15 [A] background [B] moral [C] style [D] form
16 [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] tolerate [D] sacrifice
17 [A] cost [B] task [C] secret [D] product
18 [A] leading to [B] calling for [C] accounting for [D] relating to
19 [A] predict [B] specify [C] restore [D] create
20 [A] achieve [B] modify [C] review [D] present
【准确谜底】
谜底：BBADB BBDAC DCACC DADBA
1.【考点】逻辑瓜葛
【解析】空格地点位置为两个逗号之间，这类逻辑瓜葛题however的入选几率是最高的。同时按照空前的not difficult和以后的muchharder，可知先后组成相反瓜葛，以是however为准确选项。
2.【考点】逻辑瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】按照后文不要只是专注于一个方针，可以推知此空填emphasize.
3.【考点】 语意瓜葛+副词辨析
【解析】由于前文是point，从第二段起头是supportingdetail的例子，以是example例子必定是为了证实前文概念。以是填顺承副词quickly。
4. 【考点】语意瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】按照后文的多个与bus driver 有关的并列例子，可以推知此处为检票员会当真检票么?固然不!以是选择check .
5.【考点】语意瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】与第四题逻辑不异，公交车司机直接轻忽掉赶车的人，以此证实司机疏忽了办事。
6.【考点】语意瓜葛+名词辨析
【解析】本空为段首空。段首空凡是为段中间，与本段后文相干，可以在本段寻觅解题线索。
按照后文according to the time they took，可知本段对公交车司机的考查首要尺度是punctuality准时。
7.【考点】语意瓜葛
【解析】本题为逻辑瓜葛题，按照空古人们投诉公交不许时和空后公交车辆、路线增长可以推知，本句为成果逻辑so。
8.【考点】语意瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】按照or可知本题为并列逻辑题，司机遇由于达到时候的快慢而遭到赏罚或嘉奖drivers were _8_or punishedaccording to the time they took。以是本题填punish的反义词reward。
9.【考点】语意瓜葛
【解析】按照句间迁移转变词but，可以推知空前drivers hit their targets.司机实现了方针。But以后应当是司机做的欠好的方面，以是选择also， they _also_ hit thecyclists，司机守时的同时却也撞人了。
10.【考点】语意瓜葛+名词辨析
【解析】按照句间前提瓜葛词if，If the target was changed to_10_, the pricing will be morecarefully inspected，可以推知，后文和price代价、钱有关，那末本题选择revenue。
11.【考点】语意瓜葛 + 形容词辨析
【解析】If the target was changed to security, drivers would be more _11_ andobey traffic rules.
按照上文security平安，可知本题应当选择与平安相干的形容词cautious谨严的。
12.【考点】语意瓜葛+名词辨析
【解析】本句按照上文可知选择problem。
13.【考点】语意瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】按照上文可知选择notice。
14.【考点】语意瓜葛 +名词辨析
【解析】按照空前take a late flight and arrive early可知本题谜底为一次飞翔路程，以是选择trip。
15.【考点】语意瓜葛
【解析】按照上文可知选择style。
16.【考点】语意瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】按照空前focus on one goal ，和and表达的并列顺承瓜葛可以推知 and you_16_others，此空应当选择不存眷或轻忽、捐躯其他方针。以是准确谜底为sacrifice。
17.【考点】语意瓜葛+名词辨析
【解析】按照前文给员工设置方针后会发生响应的negative consequences，和以前所说at the expense of以…为价格可知本题选择负向名词cost，诠释为价格、本钱。
18.【考点】语意瓜葛+词组搭配
【解析】按照上文multiple factors和two dimensions的身分。以是本题选择与关头身分相干的身分，本题relating to为准确选项。
19.【考点】语意瓜葛+动词辨析
【解析】按照前文不该该仅仅emphasize one goal，可知本题It is not necessary to _19_one or twodimensions of the goals. 可知不该该仅仅存眷或指定此中一个方针。本题specify为准确谜底。
20.【考点】语意瓜葛+词组搭配
【解析】由于后文为方针goal，以是本题为achieve the goal。
